Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Copyright 2006 by theAmericanPsychological Association
2006, Vol. 37, No. 5, 515–522 0735-7028/06/$12.00DOI:10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515
Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests: A Delphi Poll
In the context of intense interest in evidence-based practice (EBP), theauthorssought to establish consensus on discredited psychological treatmentsandassessments using Delphi methodology. A panel of 101 experts participated ina2-stage survey, reporting familiarity with 59 treatments and 30assessmenttechniques and rating these on a continuum from not at alldiscredited tocertainly discredited. The authors report their compositefindings as well assignificant differences that occurred as a function of theexperts’ gender andtheoretical orientation. The results should be interpretedcarefully and humbly,but they do offer a cogent first step in consensuallyidentifying a continuum ofdiscredited procedures in modern mental healthpractice.Round 1 Round 2
对于心理/行为障碍的愤怒治疗 4.920.2871.44.980.1446.4Use of pyramids for restoration of energy
能量金字塔重建4.890.3231.74.980.1328.0Orgone therapy (use of orgone box or orgone energy accumulator)
for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的奥尔根治疗法4.920.2826.04.970.1716.9Crystal healing for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的氣輪陣自覺療法4.820.4434.04.950.2121.0Past lives therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的前世疗法4.810.4422.84.920.277.2Future lives therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的来世疗法4.670.8042.44.880.3330.5Treatments for PTSD caused by alien abduction
外星人诱拐引起的创伤后应激障碍4.690.6826.74.850.4020.5Rebirthing therapies for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的重生治疗4.580.8210.94.750.464.8Color therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的色彩疗法4.560.5659.64.680.6250.6Primal scream therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
尖叫治疗4.515.94.610.724.8Chiropractic manipulation for mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍的整脊手法治疗4.360.7029.34.570.6014.6Thought Field Therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍的思維場療法治疗4.211.0856.04.560.6646.4Standard prefrontal lobotomyfor treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍的标准前额白质切断术治疗4.440.909.94.550.808.3Aromatherapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍香薰疗法4.3332.34.550.6320.2Erhard Seminar Training for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍的埃哈德式小组疗法4.290.7837.44.470.8528.7Age-regression methods for treating adults who may have been sexually abused as children
对于或许曾经遭遇过儿童期性虐待成人的催眠年龄倒退法4.120.974.14.418.3Craniosacral therapy for treatment of anxiety and depression
对于焦虑和抑郁的颅骶疗法4.200.7667.74.380.7858.5Preventive intervention for “born criminals”
对于“天生犯罪人”的预防干预4.191.1366.34.360.8549.4Sexual reorientation/reparative therapy for homosexuality
对于同性恋的性取向/性修复4.251.009.14.290.917.1Holding therapy for reactive attachment disorder
对于反应性童年依赖症的拥抱治疗4.141.0637.84.290.7133.7Treatments for mental disorders resulting from Satanic ritual abuse
针对邪教儀式虐待引起的精神障碍3.981.3134.74.281.0522.0Healing touch (not massage therapy) for treatment of mental/ behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的接觸療法（非按摩治疗）4.101.1241.44.130.9625.6Psychological treatments of schizophrenia based on the schizophrenogenic theory of schizophrenia
基于精神分裂症理论的精神分裂症心理治疗3.811.1718.24.040.9813.4Reparenting therapies for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍3.841.1324.84.030.9413.4Bettelheim model for treatment of childhood autism
对于儿童自闭症的贝特尔海姆模式治疗3.941.1919.44.010.9014.3Dolphin-assisted therapy for treatment of developmental disabilities
对于身心發育障碍的海豚辅助治疗3.731.3463.63.970.9652.4Equine therapy for treatment of eating disorders
对于进食障碍的马术疗法3.641.1570.73.960.7369.5Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) for treatment of mental/ behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的NLP治疗3.571.0626.73.870.9224.1Psychosynthesis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍心理综合学治疗3.691.2968.03.831.0465.1Scared Straight programs for prevention of conduct disorders and criminal behavior
对于预防品行疾患犯罪行为的直接恐吓计划3.481.1023.03.800.8720.7Emotional Freedom Technique for tx of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍3.771.1574.73.8081.2DARE programs for prevention of substance abuse/dependence
对于阻止物质依赖/滥用的DARE计划3.651.2323.23.790.9918.3Family therapy for schizophrenia based on the double-bind theory of schizophrenia
基于精神分裂症双盲理论的对于精神分裂的家庭治疗3.731.3010.23.761.076.2Jungian sand tray therapy for treatment of adolescent and adult disorders
对于青少年和成人的荣格沙盘治疗3.491.3438.43.760.9439.8Rage reduction therapy for depression3.711.1442.63.721.0136.9Freudian dream analysis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的弗洛伊德的梦境分析疗法3.651.352.03.671.213.7Facilitated communication for treatment of autism
对于自闭症的辅助交流治疗3.491.4826.33.671.2021.0Bioenergetic therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的生物能量释放治疗3.371.1147.53.630.8633.3Insight-oriented psychotherapies for sex offenders
对于性犯罪者的内观取向疗法3.471.327.13.540.993.6Catharsis/ventilation treatment for anger disorders
对于愤怒障碍的宣泄/通气治疗3.321.239.13.530.948.4Psychotherapy for the treatment of penis envy
对于阝月茎嫉羡的心理治疗3.601.5122.83.521.3418.3Marathon encounter groups for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的马拉松会心团体治疗3.431.2112.93.491.0212.0Acupuncture for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的针灸治疗3.531.0824.53.480.9423.8Psychotherapy for castration anxiety
对于阉割焦虑的心理治疗3.421.5225.73.261.3420.7Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) for acute trauma
对于急性创伤的严重事件应激晤谈3.021.4315.53.251.0511.0Psychosocial therapies for treatment of pedophilia
对于恋童癖的社会心理疗法3.301.2616.83.231.0414.5Neurofeedback for ADHD
对于ADHD的神经反馈3.101.0838.03.141.0030.1Classical psychoanalysis for removal of Axis I symptoms
移除轴I症状的经典精神分析3.221.311.03.101.073.7Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for thetreatment of trauma
对于创伤的EMDR治疗2.881.134.03.061.202.4Moreno’s psychodrama for treatment of mental/behavioral
disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的莫纳则心理剧治疗2.951.1425.72.930.9517.1W. R. Bion’s method of group analysis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的比昂团体分析方法治疗2.931.3667.02.911.1360.7Laughter or humor therapy for treatment of depression
对于抑郁症的大笑/幽默疗法2.830.9236.62.810.7424.1Psychosocial (nonbehavioral) therapies for ADHD
对于ADHD的（无行为取向的）社会心理疗法2.851.1217.82.791.0213.6Thought stopping procedures for ruminations/intrusive worry
对于自我反思反芻的思考停止程序2.251.106.92.200.942.4Behavior therapy for sex offenders
性犯罪的行为疗法1.971.037.12.050.913.6Note. Ratings made on a 5-point, Likert-type scale where 1 = not at all discredited, 2 = unlikely discredited, 3 = possibly discredited, 4 = probably discredited, 5 = certainly discredited. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; tx = treatment; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
原文链接：http://www.omnibehavioralhealth.com/pdf/delphi_poll.pdf
2006, Vol. 37, No. 5, 515–522 0735-7028/06/$12.00DOI:10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515
Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests: A Delphi Poll
In the context of intense interest in evidence-based practice (EBP), theauthorssought to establish consensus on discredited psychological treatmentsandassessments using Delphi methodology. A panel of 101 experts participated ina2-stage survey, reporting familiarity with 59 treatments and 30assessmenttechniques and rating these on a continuum from not at alldiscredited tocertainly discredited. The authors report their compositefindings as well assignificant differences that occurred as a function of theexperts’ gender andtheoretical orientation. The results should be interpretedcarefully and humbly,but they do offer a cogent first step in consensuallyidentifying a continuum ofdiscredited procedures in modern mental healthpractice.
关键词：Delphi Poll, discredited technique, evidence-based practice, psychologicalassessment, psychotherapy, quackery
Experts’ Ratings of Mental Health Treatments in Ranked Order
对于心理/行为障碍的愤怒治疗 4.920.2871.44.980.1446.4Use of pyramids for restoration of energy
能量金字塔重建4.890.3231.74.980.1328.0Orgone therapy (use of orgone box or orgone energy accumulator)
for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的奥尔根治疗法4.920.2826.04.970.1716.9Crystal healing for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的氣輪陣自覺療法4.820.4434.04.950.2121.0Past lives therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的前世疗法4.810.4422.84.920.277.2Future lives therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的来世疗法4.670.8042.44.880.3330.5Treatments for PTSD caused by alien abduction
外星人诱拐引起的创伤后应激障碍4.690.6826.74.850.4020.5Rebirthing therapies for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的重生治疗4.580.8210.94.750.464.8Color therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的色彩疗法4.560.5659.64.680.6250.6Primal scream therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
尖叫治疗4.515.94.610.724.8Chiropractic manipulation for mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍的整脊手法治疗4.360.7029.34.570.6014.6Thought Field Therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍的思維場療法治疗4.211.0856.04.560.6646.4Standard prefrontal lobotomyfor treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍的标准前额白质切断术治疗4.440.909.94.550.808.3Aromatherapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍香薰疗法4.3332.34.550.6320.2Erhard Seminar Training for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍的埃哈德式小组疗法4.290.7837.44.470.8528.7Age-regression methods for treating adults who may have been sexually abused as children
对于或许曾经遭遇过儿童期性虐待成人的催眠年龄倒退法4.120.974.14.418.3Craniosacral therapy for treatment of anxiety and depression
对于焦虑和抑郁的颅骶疗法4.200.7667.74.380.7858.5Preventive intervention for “born criminals”
对于“天生犯罪人”的预防干预4.191.1366.34.360.8549.4Sexual reorientation/reparative therapy for homosexuality
对于同性恋的性取向/性修复4.251.009.14.290.917.1Holding therapy for reactive attachment disorder
对于反应性童年依赖症的拥抱治疗4.141.0637.84.290.7133.7Treatments for mental disorders resulting from Satanic ritual abuse
针对邪教儀式虐待引起的精神障碍3.981.3134.74.281.0522.0Healing touch (not massage therapy) for treatment of mental/ behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的接觸療法（非按摩治疗）4.101.1241.44.130.9625.6Psychological treatments of schizophrenia based on the schizophrenogenic theory of schizophrenia
基于精神分裂症理论的精神分裂症心理治疗3.811.1718.24.040.9813.4Reparenting therapies for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍3.841.1324.84.030.9413.4Bettelheim model for treatment of childhood autism
对于儿童自闭症的贝特尔海姆模式治疗3.941.1919.44.010.9014.3Dolphin-assisted therapy for treatment of developmental disabilities
对于身心發育障碍的海豚辅助治疗3.731.3463.63.970.9652.4Equine therapy for treatment of eating disorders
对于进食障碍的马术疗法3.641.1570.73.960.7369.5Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) for treatment of mental/ behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的NLP治疗3.571.0626.73.870.9224.1Psychosynthesis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍心理综合学治疗3.691.2968.03.831.0465.1Scared Straight programs for prevention of conduct disorders and criminal behavior
对于预防品行疾患犯罪行为的直接恐吓计划3.481.1023.03.800.8720.7Emotional Freedom Technique for tx of mental/behavioral disorders
对于 心理/行为障碍3.771.1574.73.8081.2DARE programs for prevention of substance abuse/dependence
对于阻止物质依赖/滥用的DARE计划3.651.2323.23.790.9918.3Family therapy for schizophrenia based on the double-bind theory of schizophrenia
基于精神分裂症双盲理论的对于精神分裂的家庭治疗3.731.3010.23.761.076.2Jungian sand tray therapy for treatment of adolescent and adult disorders
对于青少年和成人的荣格沙盘治疗3.491.3438.43.760.9439.8Rage reduction therapy for depression3.711.1442.63.721.0136.9Freudian dream analysis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的弗洛伊德的梦境分析疗法3.651.352.03.671.213.7Facilitated communication for treatment of autism
对于自闭症的辅助交流治疗3.491.4826.33.671.2021.0Bioenergetic therapy for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的生物能量释放治疗3.371.1147.53.630.8633.3Insight-oriented psychotherapies for sex offenders
对于性犯罪者的内观取向疗法3.471.327.13.540.993.6Catharsis/ventilation treatment for anger disorders
对于愤怒障碍的宣泄/通气治疗3.321.239.13.530.948.4Psychotherapy for the treatment of penis envy
对于阝月茎嫉羡的心理治疗3.601.5122.83.521.3418.3Marathon encounter groups for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的马拉松会心团体治疗3.431.2112.93.491.0212.0Acupuncture for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的针灸治疗3.531.0824.53.480.9423.8Psychotherapy for castration anxiety
对于阉割焦虑的心理治疗3.421.5225.73.261.3420.7Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) for acute trauma
对于急性创伤的严重事件应激晤谈3.021.4315.53.251.0511.0Psychosocial therapies for treatment of pedophilia
对于恋童癖的社会心理疗法3.301.2616.83.231.0414.5Neurofeedback for ADHD
对于ADHD的神经反馈3.101.0838.03.141.0030.1Classical psychoanalysis for removal of Axis I symptoms
移除轴I症状的经典精神分析3.221.311.03.101.073.7Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for thetreatment of trauma
对于创伤的EMDR治疗2.881.134.03.061.202.4Moreno’s psychodrama for treatment of mental/behavioral
disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的莫纳则心理剧治疗2.951.1425.72.930.9517.1W. R. Bion’s method of group analysis for treatment of mental/behavioral disorders
对于心理/行为障碍的比昂团体分析方法治疗2.931.3667.02.911.1360.7Laughter or humor therapy for treatment of depression
对于抑郁症的大笑/幽默疗法2.830.9236.62.810.7424.1Psychosocial (nonbehavioral) therapies for ADHD
对于ADHD的（无行为取向的）社会心理疗法2.851.1217.82.791.0213.6Thought stopping procedures for ruminations/intrusive worry
对于自我反思反芻的思考停止程序2.251.106.92.200.942.4Behavior therapy for sex offenders
性犯罪的行为疗法1.971.037.12.050.913.6Note. Ratings made on a 5-point, Likert-type scale where 1 = not at all discredited, 2 = unlikely discredited, 3 = possibly discredited, 4 = probably discredited, 5 = certainly discredited. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; tx = treatment; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
原文链接：http://www.omnibehavioralhealth.com/pdf/delphi_poll.pdf
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